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The year 2025 was the third warmest on record worldwide, according to the Global Climate Highlights report 2025 released by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts. The findings are based on ERA5 reanalysis data and are part of the Copernicus climate monitoring programme supported by the European Commission.
Global temperatures in 2025 were just 0.01°C cooler than in 2023 and 0.13°C lower than 2024, which remains the warmest year ever recorded. The global average surface air temperature reached 14.97°C, standing 1.47°C above pre-industrial levels. Notably, the three-year period from 2023 to 2025 averaged more than 1.5°C above pre-industrial temperatures, marking the first time this threshold has been exceeded over such a span.
The report also confirms that the past 11 years have been the warmest 11 years on record. January 2025 was the warmest January ever observed, while March, April and May were the second warmest for their respective months. Almost every month in 2025 was warmer than the same month in any year before 2023.
While tropical air and sea-surface temperatures were slightly lower than in recent years due to near-neutral or weak La Niña conditions, polar regions saw exceptional warmth. Antarctica experienced its warmest year on record, and the Arctic its second warmest. Several oceanic and continental regions also recorded record-high annual temperatures, underscoring the ongoing pace of global warming.
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